numpy.piecewise中的多个部分
问题内容:
我正在上模糊系统课程,并在计算机上记笔记。这意味着我不得不不时在计算机上绘制图形。由于这些图的定义非常明确,因此我认为将其绘制numpy
为一个好主意(我使用LaTeX做笔记,并且在python
shell上相当快,因此我认为可以摆脱这种情况)。
模糊隶属函数的图形是高度分段的,例如:
为了对此进行绘图,我尝试使用以下代码进行编码numpy.piecewise
(这给了我一个神秘的错误):
In [295]: a = np.arange(0,5,1)
In [296]: condlist = [[b<=a<b+0.25, b+0.25<=a<b+0.75, b+0.75<=a<b+1] for b in range(3)]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-296-a951e2682357> in <module>()
----> 1 condlist = [[b<=a<b+0.25, b+0.25<=a<b+0.75, b+0.75<=a<b+1] for b in range(3)]
ValueError: The truth value of an array with more than one element is ambiguous. Use a.any() or a.all()
In [297]: funclist = list(itertools.chain([lambda x:-4*x+1, lambda x: 0, lambda x:4*x+1]*3))
In [298]: np.piecewise(a, condlist, funclist)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-298-41168765ae55> in <module>()
----> 1 np.piecewise(a, condlist, funclist)
/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/lib/function_base.pyc in piecewise(x, condlist, funclist, *args, **kw)
688 if (n != n2):
689 raise ValueError(
--> 690 "function list and condition list must be the same")
691 zerod = False
692 # This is a hack to work around problems with NumPy's
ValueError: function list and condition list must be the same
在这一点上,我对如何绘制此函数感到很困惑。我不太了解错误消息,这进一步阻碍了我调试该错误的努力。
最终,我希望将这个函数绘制并导出到EPS文件中,因此,我也很感谢这些帮助。
问题答案:
通常,当您仅将代码编写为数字时,numpy数组非常擅长做明智的事情。链接比较是罕见的例外之一。您看到的错误本质上是这样的(piecewise
内部和ipython错误格式对此进行了混淆):
>>> a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
>>> 1.5 < a
array([False, True, True], dtype=bool)
>>>
>>> 1.5 < a < 2.5
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: The truth value of an array with more than one element is ambiguous. Use a.any() or a.all()
>>>
>>> (1.5 < a) & (a < 2.5)
array([False, True, False], dtype=bool)
>>>
您也可以使用np.logical_and
,但是按位and
工作就可以了。
就绘图而言,numpy本身不执行任何操作。这是matplotlib的示例:
>>> import numpy as np
>>> def piecew(x):
... conds = [x < 0, (x > 0) & (x < 1), (x > 1) & (x < 2), x > 2]
... funcs = [lambda x: x+1, lambda x: 1,
... lambda x: -x + 2., lambda x: (x-2)**2]
... return np.piecewise(x, conds, funcs)
>>>
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> xx = np.linspace(-0.5, 3.1, 100)
>>> plt.plot(xx, piecew(xx))
>>> plt.show() # or plt.savefig('foo.eps')
注意这piecewise
是一个反复无常的野兽。特别是,它需要将其x
参数设置为数组,如果不是,则甚至不会尝试对其进行转换(numpy
用语:x
需要为ndarray
,而不是array_like
):
>>> piecew(2.1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 4, in piecew
File "/home/br/.local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/numpy/lib/function_base.py", line 690, in piecewise
"function list and condition list must be the same")
ValueError: function list and condition list must be the same
>>>
>>> piecew(np.asarray([2.1]))
array([ 0.01])