c_ulong的rshift的ctypes重新实现
问题内容:
我正在通过ctypes访问C库,并且遇到以下问题:
我正在使用ctypeslib生成“包装器”(ctypes命令以使用ctypes访问库)。C库包含在此步骤中转换为python函数的宏。(为了尽可能独立于库的内部,我想在python中使用其中一些宏。)
这些宏之一如下所示:
# using the ctypes types
myuint16_t = c_ushort
myuint32_t = c_ulong
def mymacro(x): return (myuint16_t)((myuint32_t)(x) >> 16) # macro
我想通过以下方式(在函数内部)在单独的模块中使用生成的函数:
return wrapper.mymacro(valueToBeConverted) # valueToBeConverted is an int
但是使用此行我得到以下错误:
....
def mymacro(x): return (myuint16_t)((myuint32_t)(x) >> 16) # macro
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for >>: 'c_ulong' and 'int'
(我知道移位c_ulong的常见方法是,c_ulongvar.value >> x
但是每次C库中发生某些更改时,我都必须修补生成的包装器。因此,我尝试避免这种情况。)
似乎在__rshift__
这里不能使用c_ulong的实现。
print c_ulong.__rshift__
# throws AttributeError: type object 'c_ulong' has no attribute '__rshift__'
嗯,似乎很奇怪…所以我决定重新实现__rshift__
c_ulong的方法以使其工作:
from ctypes import *
from types import MethodType
def rshift(self, val):
print self.value >> val
# create an unbound method which applies to all (even existing) instances
c_ulong.__rshift__ = MethodType(rshift, None, c_ulong)
a = c_ulong(1)
a >> 16
但这不能解决问题。我仍然遇到错误:
a >> 16
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for >>: 'c_ulong' and 'int'
该__rshift__
方法是否只能用于同一类的两个实例?我尝试了以下方法:
def rshift(self, val):
print self.value >> int(val.value)
a = c_ulong(1)
a >> c_ulong(16)
而且有效。但这也意味着我仍然必须修补生成的包装器。
所以:有人知道这有什么窍门吗?
更新 :
@eryksun的解决方案有效。我在用:
from ctypes import *
# from types import MethodType
def _rshift(self, other):
if hasattr(other, 'value'):
other = other.value
return c_ulong(self.value >> other)
def _lshift(self, other):
if hasattr(other, 'value'):
other = other.value
return c_ulong(self.value << other)
def _coerce(self, other):
try:
return self, self.__class__(other)
except TypeError:
return NotImplemented
# Add the functions to the type. A method is created when
# accessed as an attribute of an instance.
c_ulong.__lshift__ = _lshift
c_ulong.__rshift__ = _rshift
c_ulong.__coerce__ = _coerce
问题答案:
由于_ctypes._SimpleCData
类型没有Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES
标志,因此2.x子类被视为__coerce__
在二进制运算中使用的旧式数字。有关调用方案和函数中的实现,请参见Objects
/
abstract.cbinary_op1
。
出于演示目的,可以在类型对象上切换此标志,您只需要void *
在tp_flags
字段中定义(可能有很多)。
骇客 PyTypeObject
from ctypes import *
import _ctypes
Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES = 1 << 4
class PyTypeObject(Structure):
_fields_ = (('ob_refcnt', c_ssize_t),
('ob_type', c_void_p),
('ob_size', c_ssize_t),
('tp_name', c_char_p),
('tp_basicsize', c_ssize_t),
('tp_itemsize', c_ssize_t),
('tp_dealloc', c_void_p),
('tp_print', c_void_p),
('tp_getattr', c_void_p),
('tp_setattr', c_void_p),
('tp_compare', c_void_p),
('tp_repr', c_void_p),
('tp_as_number', c_void_p),
('tp_as_sequence', c_void_p),
('tp_as_mapping', c_void_p),
('tp_hash', c_void_p),
('tp_call', c_void_p),
('tp_str', c_void_p),
('tp_getattro', c_void_p),
('tp_setattro', c_void_p),
('tp_as_buffer', c_void_p),
('tp_flags', c_long))
接下来,创建一个unsigned long
子类,并使用from_address
工厂为其创建一个PyTypeObject
。使用内建获取地址,内建id
是特定于CPython的实现细节:
class c_ulong(_ctypes._SimpleCData):
_type_ = "L"
def __rshift__(self, other):
print '__rshift__', self, other
if hasattr(other, 'value'):
other = other.value
return c_ulong(self.value >> other)
c_ulong_type = PyTypeObject.from_address(id(c_ulong))
演示版
>>> a = c_ulong(16)
>>> b = c_ulong(2)
>>> a >> b
__rshift__ c_ulong(16L) c_ulong(2L)
c_ulong(4L)
>>> a >> 2
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for >>: 'c_ulong' and 'int'
最后一步按预期失败。现在设置标志:
>>> c_ulong_type.tp_flags |= Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES
>>> a >> 2
__rshift__ c_ulong(16L) 2
c_ulong(4L)
问题解决了?但这是骇客。再次尝试__coerce__
实施。
实行 __coerce__
class c_ulong(_ctypes._SimpleCData):
_type_ = "L"
def __rshift__(self, other):
print '__rshift__', self, other
if hasattr(other, 'value'):
other = other.value
return c_ulong(self.value >> other)
def __coerce__(self, other):
print '__coerce__', self, other
try:
return self, self.__class__(other)
except TypeError:
return NotImplemented
演示版
>>> a = c_ulong(16)
>>> b = c_ulong(2)
>>> a >> 2
__coerce__ c_ulong(16L) 2
__rshift__ c_ulong(16L) c_ulong(2L)
c_ulong(4L)
>>> 16 >> b
__coerce__ c_ulong(2L) 16
__rshift__ c_ulong(16L) c_ulong(2L)
c_ulong(4L)
当然,如果c_ulong
无法创建,则失败,例如float
:
>>> a >> 2.0
__coerce__ c_ulong(16L) 2.0
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for >>: 'c_ulong' and 'float'