请下次再发一些努力

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$(function() {
  $("[name='diabetes_complications[]']").on("click",function() {
    $("[name=coronary_artery_diseases]").prop("disabled",this.checked);
  })
})

<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<div class="col-sm-12">
  <div class="medical col-sm-6">
    <label class="radio">
      <input class="box" name="diabetes_complications[]" type="checkbox" value="Coronary Artery Diseases (CAD)">
      <span>Coronary Artery Diseases (CAD)</span>        
    </label>
  </div>

  <div class="input-field col-sm-2">
    <input class="validate, timepicker" name="coronary_artery_diseases" type="text">
    <label for="coronary_artery_diseases">Date</label>
  </div>
</div>